EGD is used to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to diagnose gastritis, ulcers, bleeding sources, esophageal varices, tumors, and structural abnormalities. Biopsy sampling may be performed during the procedure for histopathologic evaluation.

Bronchoscopy enables examination of the tracheobronchial tree to detect airway obstruction, infection, tumors, bleeding, or foreign bodies. Samples may be collected for cytology, culture, or biopsy.

Sigmoidoscopy provides visualization of the distal colon and rectum to assess for proctitis, polyps, bleeding, and localized inflammation, typically serving as a faster alternative to full colonoscopy when appropriate.

ERCP combines endoscopy with fluoroscopic imaging to diagnose and treat conditions affecting the bile ducts and pancreas, including stones, strictures, leaks, and malignancies.

Endoscopy may be used for biopsy collection, polypectomy, hemostasis, foreign body removal, esophageal dilation, and other targeted treatments that previously required surgical intervention.

Colonoscopy allows direct assessment of the colon and rectum for polyps, inflammatory disease, bleeding, malignancy, and mucosal abnormalities. It remains a key tool in colorectal cancer screening and surveillance programs.